Sleeve gastrectomy as a bridge to maternity in a patient with obesity, infertility and tetraplegia. A case report.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of severe and permanent disability in young adults. Overweight and obesity are commonly observed among patients affected with SCI, with reports of a prevalence of over 60 and 30% respectively. Case report: A 34 year-old woman suffering from tetraplegia after sustaining a traumatic injury to C5-C6 at age 23 as a result of a motor vehicle accident was presented to our hospital's multidisciplinary bariatric team due to class II obesity. At the time of presentation to the team, eleven years after the accident, her BMI was calculated to be 39 Kg/m2 (weight 97 kg, height 1.57 meters). She was diagnosed with infertility while seeking pregnancy, and referred to our bariatric unit for weight loss. In addition, she had overcome the physical limitations of her injury, had a regular job and was engaged in regular physical activities such as swimming. In May 2017, she underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) without complications and was discharged on postoperative day 2. 17 months following LSG, with a normal BMI, she became naturally pregnant. She had emergency cesarean at 35 weeks due to pneumonia but both patient and child recovered without sequelae. Currently, 4 years after surgery she maintains 37.11% total weight loss (weight 61 kg). She reports having a better quality of life with fewer medical intercurrencies. Conclusions: Patients with SCI and obesity, particularly women seeking to conceive, may be benefited by being referred to bariatric teams for assessment and treatment to improve results associated with sustained weight reduction.

ESTUDIO METAGENÓMICO DE LA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL EN PACIENTES CON OBESIDAD MÓRBIDA SOMETIDOS A CIRUGÍA BARIÁTRICA / METAGENOMIC STUDY OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH MORBID OBESITY UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY

Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica (CB) es un tratamiento quirúrgico de la obesidad, cuyo objetivo es lograr el descenso de peso, de masa grasa y alcanzar un impacto metabólico a largo plazo. Se ha observado que ciertos pacientes no responden tan efectivamente a la cirugía, teniendo un descenso de peso inefectivo o recuperando peso tardíamente, y los mecanismos por lo que esto ocurre aún no están bien caracterizados. La microbiota intestinal tiene un rol esencial en varios de los procesos metabólicos asociados a la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el metagenoma intestinal de pacientes candidatos para CB y otros que fueron operados, así como también evaluar las diferencias entre aquellos pacientes que tuvieron un resultado exitoso de la CB y los que no. Material y método: Se extrajo el ADN de 200 mg de heces de pacientes que cumplen criterios de CB, divididos en 3 grupos, basal (preoperatorio), 12 meses y más de 24 meses postoperatorios, con el fin de estudiar y comparar el perfil taxonómico de las comunidades bacterianas de la microbiota intestinal. Resultados: Mientras que la riqueza específica de los grupos de estudio no presentó diferencias significativas, la diversidad beta, que considera las abundancias relativas de los miembros de las comunidades bacterianas estudiadas, evidenció una composición global significativamente diferente entre los grupos de estudio. Sin embargo, nuestro análisis no identificó taxones específicos que pudieran dar explicación a la distinta evolución postoperatoria de los pacientes. Discusión: En la estructura de las comunidades microbianas, se observaron diferencias numéricas entre los grupos en cuanto a la riqueza y abundancia de taxones así como la comparación cuanti y cualitativa. Esta última presentó significativa disimilitud. Los resultados muestran que la principal diferencia entre los grupos de estudio se basó en la abundancia relativa de los gérmenes, cuyo estudio integral podría revelar patrones más consistentes y significativos vinculados a los mecanismos de respuesta terapéutica en sujetos sometidos a CB

Introduction: Bariatric surgery (BS) is a surgical treatment of obesity, which aims to achieve weight loss, fat mass loss and achieve a long-term metabolic impact. It has been observed that certain patients do not respond as effectively to surgery, having ineffective weight loss or regaining weight late, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are not yet well characterized. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in several of the metabolic processes associated with obesity. The objective of our study was to characterize the intestinal metagenome of candidate patients for CB and others who underwent surgery, as well as evaluate the differences between those patients who had a successful outcome from CB and those who did not. Material and method: DNA was extracted from 200 mg of feces from patients who met the criteria for surgical indication divided into 3 groups, baseline (preoperative), 12 months and more than 24 months postoperatively, in order to analyze and compare the taxonomic profile of the bacterial communities of the intestinal microbiota. Results: While the specific richness of the study groups did not present significant differences, beta diversity, which considers the relative abundances of the members of the bacterial communities studied, showed a significantly different global composition between the study groups. Nevertheless, our study did not identify specific taxa that could explain the different postoperative evolution of the patients. Discussion: In the structure of the microbial communities, numerical differences were observed between the groups in terms of the richness and abundance of taxa as well as the quantitative and qualitative comparison. The latter evidenced significant dissimilarity. The results show that the main difference between the study groups was based on the relative abundance of the germs, whose comprehensive study could reveal more consistent and significant patterns linked to the therapeutic response mechanisms in subjects subjected to CB. Bariatric surgery (BS) is a surgical treatment of obesity, whose objective is to achieve weight loss, fat mass and achieve a longterm metabolic impact. However, it has been observed that certain patients do not respond as effectively to surgery, having ineffective weight loss or late weight regain, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are not yet well characterized. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in several of the metabolic processes associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to characterize the intestinal metagenome of patients who will and who underwent BS, as well as to assess the differences between those patients who had a successful BS outcome and those who did not. Our results did not identify specific taxa that could explain the different evolution of the patients. While the specific richness of the study groups did not present significant differences, the beta diversity, which considers the relative abundances of the members of the studied bacterial communities, showed a significantly different global composition between the study groups

Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and its interaction with the metabolome in metabolic associated fatty liver disease: Gut microbiome signatures, correlation networks, and effect of PNPLA3 genotype.

Interactions between communities of the gut microbiome and with the host could affect the onset and progression of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and can be useful as new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we performed a multi-omics approach to unravel gut microbiome signatures from 32 biopsy-proven patients (10 simple steatosis -SS- and 22 steatohepatitis -SH-) and 19 healthy volunteers (HV). Human and microbial transcripts were differentially identified between groups (MAFLD vs. HV/SH vs. SS), and analyzed for weighted correlation networks together with previously detected metabolites from the same set of samples. We observed that expression of Desulfobacteraceae bacterium, methanogenic archaea, Mushu phage, opportunistic pathogenic fungi Fusarium proliferatum and Candida sorbophila, protozoa Blastocystis spp. and Fonticula alba were upregulated in MAFLD and SH. Desulfobacteraceae bacterium and Mushu phage were hub species in the onset of MAFLD, whereas the activity of Fonticula alba, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Mushu phage act as key regulators of the progression to SH. A combination of clinical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic parameters showed the highest predictive capacity for MAFLD and SH (AUC = 0.96). In conclusion, faecal microbiome markers from several community members contribute to the switch in signatures characteristic of MAFLD and its progression towards SH.

Recomendaciones en la primera consulta en personas adultas con obesidad / Recomendations for the first appointment of adult persons with obesity

El objetivo de esta recomendación es establecer las mejores estrategias para el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad. Para ello se formularon tres preguntas PICO con respuestas basadas en el análisis de la evidencia científica disponible. Nuestros principales hallazgos fueron: • En la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad, la entrevista motivacional es más efectiva frente al abordaje tradicional para el descenso de peso dado que, además, permite reforzar la motivación del paciente y estimular su participación en un cambio de comportamiento. • Para el diagnóstico de obesidad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) sigue siendo una herramienta útil y sencilla de detección, sin embargo, es imperativo ampliar la visión de la obesidad y establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en la primera consulta; para esto tanto el sistema de estadificación de Edmonton como el método ABCD son herramientas útiles adicionales al IMC. • La actividad física aeróbica sigue siendo recomendada por su beneficio en la pérdida de masa grasa, principalmente visceral, no obstante, al combinar una actividad física anaeróbica, los resultados son superiores a la estrategia aeróbica aislada. Conclusiones: el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta debería basarse en una entrevista motivacional para mejorar la adherencia; el diagnóstico de obesidad debería realizarse mediante el cálculo del IMC y una herramienta que permita predecir el riesgo de complicaciones; la actividad física debería combinar estrategias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas para mejorar los parámetros antropométricos y metabólicos.

The main objective of this recommendation is to establish the best strategies for obesity management in the first medical appointmet. For this, we formulated three "PICO questions" and we have answered based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence. Our main conclusions were: • In the first medical appointment of an adult patient with obesity, the motivational interview is more effective compared to the traditional approach for weight loss since it also allows to reinforce the patient's motivation and stimulate their participation in a behavioral change. • For the obesity diagnosis, the body mass index continues to be a useful and simple detection tool; however, it is imperative to extend the view of obesity and establish the risk of complications in the first appointment, for this both the Edmonton staging system and the ABCD method are useful tools in addition to the body mass index. • Aerobic physical activity is still recommended for its benefit in fat mass loss, mainly visceral, however, when combining anaerobic physical activity, the results are superior to the isolated aerobic strategy. Conclusions: the approach to obesity in the first consultation should be based on a motivational interview to improve adherence; the diagnosis of obesity should be made by calculating the body mass index with an aditional tool that allows predicting the risk of complications; physical activity should combine aerobic as well as anaerobic strategies to improve both anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Recomendaciones en la primera consulta en personas adultas con obesidad. Parte A / Recomendations for the first appointment of adult persons with obesity. Part A

Resumen El objetivo de esta recomendación es establecer las mejores estrategias para el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad. Para ello se formularon tres preguntas PICO con respuestas basadas en el análisis de la evidencia científica disponible. Nuestros principales hallazgos fueron: • En la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad, la entrevista motivacional es más efectiva frente al abordaje tradicional para el descenso de peso dado que, además, permite reforzar la motivación del paciente y estimular su participación en un cambio de comportamiento. • Para el diagnóstico de obesidad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) sigue siendo una herramienta útil y sencilla de detección, sin embargo, es imperativo ampliar la visión de la obesidad y establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en la primera consulta; para esto tanto el sistema de estadificación de Edmonton como el método ABCD son herramientas útiles adicionales al IMC. • La actividad física aeróbica sigue siendo recomendada por su beneficio en la pérdida de masa grasa, principalmente visceral, no obstante, al combinar una actividad física anaeróbica, los resultados son superiores a la estrategia aeróbica aislada. Conclusiones: el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta debería basarse en una entrevista motivacional para mejorar la adherencia; el diagnóstico de obesidad debería realizarse mediante el cálculo del IMC y una herramienta que permita predecir el riesgo de complicaciones; la actividad física debería combinar estrategias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas para mejorar los parámetros antropométricos y metabólicos.

Abstract The main objective of this recommendation is to establish the best strategies for obesity management in the first medical appointmet. For this, we formulated three "PICO questions" and we have answered based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence. Our main conclusions were: • In the first medical appointment of an adult patient with obesity, the motivational interview is more effective compared to the traditional approach for weight loss since it also allows to reinforce the patient's motivation and stimulate their participation in a behavioral change. • For the obesity diagnosis, the body mass index continues to be a useful and simple detection tool; however, it is imperative to extend the view of obesity and establish the risk of complications in the first appointment, for this both the Edmonton staging system and the ABCD method are useful tools in addition to the body mass index. • Aerobic physical activity is still recommended for its benefit in fat mass loss, mainly visceral, however, when combining anaerobic physical activity, the results are superior to the isolated aerobic strategy. Conclusions: the approach to obesity in the first consultation should be based on a motivational interview to improve adherence; the diagnosis of obesity should be made by calculating the body mass index with an aditional tool that allows predicting the risk of complications; physical activity should combine aerobic as well as anaerobic strategies to improve both anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Recomendaciones en la primera consulta en personas adultas con obesidad. Parte B / Recomendations for the first appointment of adult persons with obesity. Part B

Resumen El objetivo de esta recomendación es establecer las mejores estrategias para el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad. Para ello se formularon tres preguntas PICO con respuestas basadas en el análisis de la evidencia científica disponible. Nuestros principales hallazgos fueron: • En la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad, la entrevista motivacional es más efectiva frente al abordaje tradicional para el descenso de peso dado que, además, permite reforzar la motivación del paciente y estimular su participación en un cambio de comportamiento. • Para el diagnóstico de obesidad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) sigue siendo una herramienta útil y sencilla de detección, sin embargo, es imperativo ampliar la visión de la obesidad y establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en la primera consulta; para esto tanto el sistema de estadificación de Edmonton como el método ABCD son herramientas útiles adicionales al IMC. • La actividad física aeróbica sigue siendo recomendada por su beneficio en la pérdida de masa grasa, principalmente visceral, no obstante, al combinar una actividad física anaeróbica, los resultados son superiores a la estrategia aeróbica aislada. Conclusiones: el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta debería basarse en una entrevista motivacional para mejorar la adherencia; el diagnóstico de obesidad debería realizarse mediante el cálculo del IMC y una herramienta que permita predecir el riesgo de complicaciones; la actividad física debería combinar estrategias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas para mejorar los parámetros antropométricos y metabólicos.

Abstract The main objective of this recommendation is to establish the best strategies for obesity management in the first medical appointmet. For this, we formulated three "PICO questions" and we have answered based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence. Our main conclusions were: • In the first medical appointment of an adult patient with obesity, the motivational interview is more effective compared to the traditional approach for weight loss since it also allows to reinforce the patient's motivation and stimulate their participation in a behavioral change. • For the obesity diagnosis, the body mass index continues to be a useful and simple detection tool; however, it is imperative to extend the view of obesity and establish the risk of complications in the first appointment, for this both the Edmonton staging system and the ABCD method are useful tools in addition to the body mass index. • Aerobic physical activity is still recommended for its benefit in fat mass loss, mainly visceral, however, when combining anaerobic physical activity, the results are superior to the isolated aerobic strategy. Conclusions: the approach to obesity in the first consultation should be based on a motivational interview to improve adherence; the diagnosis of obesity should be made by calculating the body mass index with an aditional tool that allows predicting the risk of complications; physical activity should combine aerobic as well as anaerobic strategies to improve both anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Recomendaciones en la primera consulta en personas adultas con obesidad. Parte B2 / Recomendations for the first appointment of adult persons with obesity. Part B2

Resumen El objetivo de esta recomendación es establecer las mejores estrategias para el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad. Para ello se formularon tres preguntas PICO con respuestas basadas en el análisis de la evidencia científica disponible. Nuestros principales hallazgos fueron: • En la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad, la entrevista motivacional es más efectiva frente al abordaje tradicional para el descenso de peso dado que, además, permite reforzar la motivación del paciente y estimular su participación en un cambio de comportamiento. • Para el diagnóstico de obesidad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) sigue siendo una herramienta útil y sencilla de detección, sin embargo, es imperativo ampliar la visión de la obesidad y establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en la primera consulta; para esto tanto el sistema de estadificación de Edmonton como el método ABCD son herramientas útiles adicionales al IMC. • La actividad física aeróbica sigue siendo recomendada por su beneficio en la pérdida de masa grasa, principalmente visceral, no obstante, al combinar una actividad física anaeróbica, los resultados son superiores a la estrategia aeróbica aislada. Conclusiones: el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta debería basarse en una entrevista motivacional para mejorar la adherencia; el diagnóstico de obesidad debería realizarse mediante el cálculo del IMC y una herramienta que permita predecir el riesgo de complicaciones; la actividad física debería combinar estrategias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas para mejorar los parámetros antropométricos y metabólicos.

Abstract The main objective of this recommendation is to establish the best strategies for obesity management in the first medical appointmet. For this, we formulated three "PICO questions" and we have answered based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence. Our main conclusions were: • In the first medical appointment of an adult patient with obesity, the motivational interview is more effective compared to the traditional approach for weight loss since it also allows to reinforce the patient's motivation and stimulate their participation in a behavioral change. • For the obesity diagnosis, the body mass index continues to be a useful and simple detection tool; however, it is imperative to extend the view of obesity and establish the risk of complications in the first appointment, for this both the Edmonton staging system and the ABCD method are useful tools in addition to the body mass index. • Aerobic physical activity is still recommended for its benefit in fat mass loss, mainly visceral, however, when combining anaerobic physical activity, the results are superior to the isolated aerobic strategy. Conclusions: the approach to obesity in the first consultation should be based on a motivational interview to improve adherence; the diagnosis of obesity should be made by calculating the body mass index with an aditional tool that allows predicting the risk of complications; physical activity should combine aerobic as well as anaerobic strategies to improve both anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Recomendaciones en la primera consulta en personas adultas con obesidad. Parte C / Recomendations for the first appointment of adult persons with obesity. Part C

Resumen El objetivo de esta recomendación es establecer las mejores estrategias para el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad. Para ello se formularon tres preguntas PICO con respuestas basadas en el análisis de la evidencia científica disponible. Nuestros principales hallazgos fueron: • En la primera consulta de un paciente adulto con obesidad, la entrevista motivacional es más efectiva frente al abordaje tradicional para el descenso de peso dado que, además, permite reforzar la motivación del paciente y estimular su participación en un cambio de comportamiento. • Para el diagnóstico de obesidad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) sigue siendo una herramienta útil y sencilla de detección, sin embargo, es imperativo ampliar la visión de la obesidad y establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en la primera consulta; para esto tanto el sistema de estadificación de Edmonton como el método ABCD son herramientas útiles adicionales al IMC. • La actividad física aeróbica sigue siendo recomendada por su beneficio en la pérdida de masa grasa, principalmente visceral, no obstante, al combinar una actividad física anaeróbica, los resultados son superiores a la estrategia aeróbica aislada. Conclusiones: el abordaje de la obesidad en la primera consulta debería basarse en una entrevista motivacional para mejorar la adherencia; el diagnóstico de obesidad debería realizarse mediante el cálculo del IMC y una herramienta que permita predecir el riesgo de complicaciones; la actividad física debería combinar estrategias aeróbicas y anaeróbicas para mejorar los parámetros antropométricos y metabólicos.

Abstract The main objective of this recommendation is to establish the best strategies for obesity management in the first medical appointmet. For this, we formulated three "PICO questions" and we have answered based on the analysis of the available scientific evidence. Our main conclusions were: • In the first medical appointment of an adult patient with obesity, the motivational interview is more effective compared to the traditional approach for weight loss since it also allows to reinforce the patient's motivation and stimulate their participation in a behavioral change. • For the obesity diagnosis, the body mass index continues to be a useful and simple detection tool; however, it is imperative to extend the view of obesity and establish the risk of complications in the first appointment, for this both the Edmonton staging system and the ABCD method are useful tools in addition to the body mass index. • Aerobic physical activity is still recommended for its benefit in fat mass loss, mainly visceral, however, when combining anaerobic physical activity, the results are superior to the isolated aerobic strategy. Conclusions: the approach to obesity in the first consultation should be based on a motivational interview to improve adherence; the diagnosis of obesity should be made by calculating the body mass index with an aditional tool that allows predicting the risk of complications; physical activity should combine aerobic as well as anaerobic strategies to improve both anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Jornadas del Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes. Actualización de cirugía bariátrica en paciente con diabetes y enfermedad renal. Parte 2 / Conference of the Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society. Bariatric surgery update in a patient with diabetes and kidney disease. Part 2

La prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus se asocia al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica y estadios terminales de la misma. En individuos con obesidad se produce un mecanismo de hiperfiltración, probablemente compensatorio para satisfacer la alta demanda metabólica asociada al aumento del peso corporal, con la presencia de proteinuria en individuos sin enfermedad renal. La histopatología muestra una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria relacionada con la obesidad en un marco de glomerulomegalia. La cirugía metabólica es el medio más efectivo para obtener una pérdida de peso sustancial y persistente. Se ha demostrado la superioridad de la cirugía sobre el tratamiento médico no solo para lograr un mejor control glucémico, sino también para la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los mecanismos parecen extenderse más allá de la magnitud de la pérdida de peso e incluyen mejoras tanto en los perfiles de incretinas como en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina. El Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó esta revisión sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la obesidad como causa de enfermedad renal o empeoramiento de la misma por diabetes, y los mecanismos a través de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica beneficiaría a los pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica en todos los estadios de la misma, así como los controles pre y posquirúrgicos en este tipo de cirugías.

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and its terminal stages. In individuals affected by obesity, a probably compensatory hyperfiltration mechanism occurs to satisfy the high metabolic demand associated with increased body weight; it is also associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Histopathology shows obesity-related focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in a setting of glomerulomegaly. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and lasting weight loss. The superiority of surgery over medical treatment has been demonstrated only to achieve better glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms appear to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. The Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society carried out this review on mechanisms involved in obesity as a cause of kidney disease or worsening of kidney disease due to diabetes, the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery would benefit patients with diabetes and kidney disease chronic and its terminal stages, the pre and post-surgical controls that should be performed by patients undergoing this type of surgery

Jornadas del Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes. Actualización de cirugía bariátrica en paciente con diabetes y enfermedad renal. Parte 1 / Conference of the Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Society of Diabetes. Bariatric surgery update in a patient with diabetes and kidney disease. Part 1

La prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus se asocia al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica y estadios terminales de la misma. En individuos con obesidad, se produce un mecanismo de hiperfiltración, probablemente compensatorio para satisfacer la alta demanda metabólica asociada al aumento del peso corporal, con la presencia de proteinuria, en individuos sin enfermedad renal. La histopatología muestra una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria relacionada con la obesidad en un marco de glomerulomegalia. La cirugía metabólica es el medio más efectivo para obtener una pérdida de peso sustancial y persistente. Se ha demostrado la superioridad de la cirugía sobre el tratamiento médico no solo para lograr un mejor control glucémico, sino también para la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los mecanismos parecen extenderse más allá de la magnitud de la pérdida de peso e incluyen mejoras tanto en los perfiles de incretinas como en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina. El Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó esta revisión sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la obesidad como causa de enfermedad renal o empeoramiento de la misma por diabetes, y los mecanismos a través de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica beneficiaría a los pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica en todos los estadios de la misma, así como los controles pre y posquirúrgicos en este tipo de cirugías.

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and its terminal stages. In individuals affected by obesity, a probably compensatory hyperfiltration mechanism occurs to satisfy the high metabolic demand associated with increased body weight; it is also associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Histopathology shows obesity-related focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in a setting of glomerulomegaly. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and lasting weight loss. The superiority of surgery over medical treatment has been demonstrated only to achieve better glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms appear to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. The Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society carried out this review on mechanisms involved in obesity as a cause of kidney disease or worsening of kidney disease due to diabetes, the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery would benefit patients with diabetes and kidney disease chronic and its terminal stages, the pre and post-surgical controls that should be performed by patients undergoing this type of surgery.

Plasma and stool metabolomics to identify microbiota derived-biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: effect of PNPLA3 genotype.

INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive biomarkers are needed for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), especially for patients at risk of disease progression in high-prevalence areas. The microbiota and its metabolites represent a niche for MAFLD biomarker discovery. However, studies are not reproducible as the microbiota is variable. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify microbiota-derived metabolomic biomarkers that may contribute to the higher MAFLD prevalence and different disease severity in Latin America, where data is scarce. METHODS: We compared the plasma and stool metabolomes, gene patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), diet, demographic and clinical data of 33 patients (12 simple steatosis and 21 steatohepatitis) and 19 healthy volunteers (HV). The potential predictive utility of the identified biomarkers for MAFLD diagnosis and progression was evaluated by logistic regression modelling and ROC curves. RESULTS: Twenty-four (22 in plasma and 2 in stool) out of 424 metabolites differed among groups. Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were higher among MAFLD patients, whereas plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysoPC levels were lower among HV. The PNPLA3 risk genotype was related to higher plasma levels of eicosenoic acid or fatty acid 20:1 (FA(20:1)). Body mass index and plasma levels of PCaaC24:0, FA(20:1) and TG (16:1_34:1) showed the best AUROC for MAFLD diagnosis, whereas steatosis and steatohepatitis could be discriminated with plasma levels of PCaaC24:0 and PCaeC40:1. CONCLUSION: This study identified for the first time MAFLD potential non-invasive biomarkers in a Latin American population. The association of PNPLA3 genotype with FA(20:1) suggests a novel metabolic pathway influencing MAFLD pathogenesis.

Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Lipoprotein Metabolism and Markers of HDL Functionality in Morbid Obese Patients.

PURPOSE: Morbid obesity represents the most severe form of obesity and surgical intervention would be its only successful treatment. Bariatric surgery could generate modifications in carbohydrate metabolism and in lipid profile plus lipoprotein-associated proteins and enzymes, such as lipoprotein-associated phoslipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and paraoxonase (PON) 1. The aim of the present study was to analyze changes in inflammation markers, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid parameters in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with morbid obesity were recruited. Evaluations were performed before (T0) and 1 (T1) and 6 (T2) months after surgery. Glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, and B plus Interleukin 1ß and 6 levels in addition to CETP, Lp-PLA2, and PON 1 activities were determined. RESULTS: Body mass index decreased at T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). An improvement in all markers of insulin resistance (p < 0.05) was observed at T1. hsCRP levels diminished at T2 (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels decreased at T1 and T2 (p < 0.05). HDL-C and apo A-I showed a decrease at T1 which was completely reversed at T2 (p < 0.05). Lp-PLA2 activity increased at T1, which was reversed at T2 (p < 0.05), and CETP activity was diminished at T2 (p < 0.05). PON and ARE activities decreased at T1 and partially recovered at T2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results would be indicative of a favorable effect of bariatric surgery on markers of carbohydrate metabolism and cardiovascular disease lipid risk factors.

Long-term pharmacotherapy of obesity in patients that have undergone bariatric surgery: pharmacological prevention and management of body weight regain.

INTRODUCTION: The obesity epidemic continues to grow. Bariatric surgery is part of the arsenal to treat the disease. Surgery results in an effective option for patients with severe obesity but also when obesity is associated with significant comorbidities. Weight regain is frequent after bariatric surgery. Consequently, the addition of anti-obesity drugs to prevent and manage weight regain are commonly recommended even when the quality of the evidence supporting this recommendation is relatively weak. cfsda65 AREAS COVERED: The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence concerning long-term pharmacotherapy of obesity in patients that have undergone bariatric surgery with a focus on pharmacological prevention and management of weight regain. The etiology and epidemiology of weight regain are summarized, as well as the available information about the benefits and risks of long-term pharmacotherapy in the prevention and management of recidivism. EXPERT OPINION: The available information, mainly obtained from observational studies and small trials, is encouraging but calls for a prudent approach in the selection of appropriate agents for each individual patient and a careful follow-up to detect adverse reactions or drug interactions. Results from well-designed trials are upcoming. In the meantime, a cautious, individualized approach is advisable.

Hipoglucemia hiperinsulinémica postprandial luego de la cirugía bariátrica / Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery

bariátrica (CB) ha ido en aumento en relación con la epidemia de obesidad y el mayor número de procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados a nivel mundial. Entre las complicaciones, la hipoglucemia hiperinsulinémica postprandial (HHP) adquirió relevancia, aunque es una de las menos conocidas y comprendidas de la CB, frecuentemente inadvertida y por lo tanto subdiagnosticada. Se distingue de la hipoglucemia de ayuno en que su presentación es típicamente posterior a la ingesta, asociada a valores de hipoglucemia precedidos por hiperglucemia e hiperinsulinemia en sangre. Se caracteriza por el incremento de la variabilidad de la glucemia, con absorción acelerada, aumento y rápida caída del azúcar en sangre, por lo que comprende valores de hiper e hipoglucemia. Debe sospecharse cuando se detectan síntomas adrenérgicos o de neuroglucopenia postprandiales luego de la CB1. Ha sido considerada más frecuente luego del bypass gástrico en-Y-Roux (BGYR), pero también fue descripta asociada a otras técnicas quirúrgicas, como la derivación biliopancreática/switch duodenal (DBP/SD)2 y la gastrectomía vertical en manga (GVM), y de otras intervenciones que comprometen el píloro o el vaciamiento gástrico3. No se observó luego de la cirugía con banda gástrica ajustable, un procedimiento que no altera la anatomía gastrointestinal

Associated with the obesity epidemic and the growing number of bariatric surgery procedures being performed worldwide, the incidence of reported complications has increased as well. Among these, the postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH) warrants further attention. This condition is not entirelly understood and is probably underdiagnosed. The PHH is characterized by hypoglycemic symptoms occurring after a meal accompanied by a low plasma glucose value, typically preceded by a high rise in both glucose and insulin concentrations. Patients with PHH have shown increased glucose variability with a rapid increase in glucose absorption into the systemic circulation and an increase in glucose disappearance, with glucose values reaching both the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic areas. It should be suspected in patients with postprandial adrenergic or neuroglycopenic symptoms after bariatric surgery1. It was considered most commonly associated with Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB), although it was also described after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) with duodenal switch2 and sleeve gastrectomy, and other surgical procedures which compromises the pylorus and the gastric emptying3. It has not been observed after adjustable gastric banding, an intervention that does not alter the gastrointestinal anatomy

Impacto de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Impact of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: la obesidad es un problema médico serio y en crecimiento en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). El tratamiento de reemplazo con insulina es la única terapia disponible y los principales efectos adversos asociados son la hipoglucemia y la ganancia de peso. La cirugía bariátrica (CB) mostró mejoría en el control glucémico en los pacientes con DM2 pero se han reportados pocos casos en DM1. Objetivos: evaluar los cambios en los parámetros metabólicos en pacientes con obesidad y DM1 a quienes se les realizó una CB. Materiales y métodos: en forma retrospectiva se evaluaron las historias clínicas de siete pacientes con DM1 y obesidad que fueron tratados con CB. Se utilizó el test de Wilcoxon para muestras apareadas a fin de evaluar la diferencia entre los datos pre cirugía y al año de la misma. Resultados: se evaluaron siete pacientes con DM1. La media de edad fue de 48 años (IQR 45 a 49). La media de índice de masa corporal basal y al año fue 39,6 Kg/m2 (IQR 35 a 42) y 24,9 Kg/m2 (IQR 24,7 a 29,5) respectivamente. La media de hemoglobina glicosilada basal y al año de seguimiento fue de 9,3% (IQR 8,3 a 10,5) y 7,2% (IQR 6,7 a 8,8). La media del requerimiento de insulina antes y después de la CB fue de 110 UI (IQR 70 a 120) y 24 UI (IQR 16 a 30). Todas las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los hallazgos de este estudio alientan a considerar a la CB como una herramienta en los pacientes con DM1 y obesidad con el objetivo de mejorar el control glucémico y el peso corporal

Introduction: obesity is a serious growing medical problem in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). Insulin replacement is the only available therapy for these patients with DM1 and the main problems associated with it are hypoglycemia and weight gain. Bariatric surgery (BS) showed improvement in glycemic control in type 2 but only few cases of DM1 have been reported. Objectives: to evaluate changes in metabolic parameters in obese DM1 patients who underwent BS. Materials and methods: retrospectively, the clinical histories of seven patients with DM1 and obesity who were treated with CB were evaluated. The Wilcoxon test was used for paired samples in order to assess the difference between the pre-surgery data and one year after it. Results: seven patients DM1 were evaluated. The median age was 48 years (IQR 45 to 49). The median body mass index at baseline and at follow-up were 39.6 Kg/m (IQR 35 to 42) and 24.9 Kg/m2 (IQR 24.7 to 29.5) respectively. The median glycated hemoglobin at baseline and at follow-up were 9.3% (IQR 8.3 to 10.5) and 7.2% (IQR 6.7 to 8.8) respectively. The median insulin requirements before and after BS were 110 UI (IQR 70 a 120) and 24 UI (IQR 16 a 30). All differences were statistically significant (p value<0.05). Conclusions: our findings encourage considering BS as a tool in type 1 obese diabetic patients in terms to improve management of glycemic control and body weight

Tratamiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) es una enfermedad del hígado que no se asocia con el alcohol. Su prevalencia aumenta junto con la epidemia de obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 (DM2), y el riesgo de sufrir una enfermedad hepática más agresiva es mayor con el consiguiente aumento de la cirrosis, el carcinoma hepatocelular y la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). La acumulación ectópica de grasa se asocia a dietas hipergrasas y de alta densidad energética, a la hiperglucemia y la insulinorresistencia que condicen a la supresión de la producción hepática de glucosa y la disminución de la captación de glucosa por el músculo esquelético lo cual promueve la lipogénesis de novo y genera un círculo vicioso que favorece aún más la esteatosis

An optimised protocol for platelet-rich plasma preparation to improve its angiogenic and regenerative properties.

Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used as a source of growth factors in regenerative medicine, its effectiveness remains controversial, partially due to the absence of PRP preparation protocols based on the regenerative role of platelets. Here, we aimed to optimise the protocol by analysing PRP angiogenic and regenerative properties. Three optimising strategies were evaluated: dilution, 4 °C pre-incubation, and plasma cryoprecipitate supplementation. Following coagulation, PRP releasates (PRPr) were used to induce angiogenesis in vitro (HMEC-1 proliferation, migration, and tubule formation) and in vivo (chorioallantoic membrane), as well as regeneration of excisional wounds on mouse skin. Washed platelet releasates induced greater angiogenesis than PRPr due to the anti-angiogenic effect of plasma, which was decreased by diluting PRPr with saline. Angiogenesis was also improved by both PRP pre-incubation at 4 °C and cryoprecipitate supplementation. A combination of optimising variables exerted an additive effect, thereby increasing the angiogenic activity of PRPr from healthy donors and diabetic patients. Optimised PRPr induced faster and more efficient mouse skin wound repair compared to that induced by non-optimised PRPr. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibited angiogenesis and tissue regeneration mediated by PRPr; this inhibition was reversed following optimisation. Our findings indicate that PRP pre-incubation at 4 °C, PRPr dilution, and cryoprecipitate supplementation improve the angiogenic and regenerative properties of PRP compared to the obtained by current methods.